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Education: Actionable StrategiesESSASciences de l'éducationEnseignement supérieurOCDE FOS 5.3 EducationESSA2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/8da3567d-a7cc-438d-b69c-19a69d9e7b4b/frahttps://essa-africa.org/publicationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:49a79007-3cc5-4cc5-85b2-13fee69217532026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-EDUdomaine:SCI-EDU:EDU-ENSUPinstitution:252fa1ed-5964-442c-83b3-bb665ca721b5Data-Driven Decisions: Improving South Sudan's Higher Education SystemESSASciences de l'éducationEnseignement supérieurOCDE FOS 5.3 EducationESSA2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/49a79007-3cc5-4cc5-85b2-13fee6921753/frahttps://essa-africa.org/publicationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:fd648a62-6131-4ffb-b7a1-a2520c8629842026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-AGRFrom Space to Soil: Space-based Technologies for African AgricultureOla MirzoevaSciences agricoles, animales et alimentaires2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/fd648a62-6131-4ffb-b7a1-a2520c862984/enghttps://openair.africa/category/publication/working-papers/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:ae8c6aa2-748a-4d97-b656-1a47bdad26e32026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-INGGovernance of Data and Data-driven Technology in AfricaRizk, NaglaSchonwetter, TobiasSciences de l'ingénieur et technologies2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/ae8c6aa2-748a-4d97-b656-1a47bdad26e3/enghttps://openair.africa/category/publication/working-papers/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:b7877a93-99ed-489b-94e2-dfddad1bfb7e2026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportInnovation and Scaling by Tech Hubs and Their Hosted StartupsLucienne Abrahams2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/b7877a93-99ed-489b-94e2-dfddad1bfb7e/enghttps://openair.africa/category/publication/working-papers/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:0ba934e7-9d51-4928-bd85-3e6ee29403222026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-EDUFDI and Learning in Ethiopia's Textile and Garment IndustryVallejo, BerthaMekonnen, Tadesse GetachewSciences de l'éducation2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/0ba934e7-9d51-4928-bd85-3e6ee2940322/enghttps://openair.africa/category/publication/working-papers/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:ad3eda58-f743-4bd7-a8b3-c0986b739eb62026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportLandscape of No-Fee Open Access Publishing in Africa (Report 2024)Kuchma, IrynaŠevkušić, Milica2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/ad3eda58-f743-4bd7-a8b3-c0986b739eb6/enghttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12792474info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:ab5a5dbf-e793-4d12-8483-49ef459ab0fe2026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-ECOinstitution:680c5151-3ab6-46f6-8550-a965c7b7e63dAfrica Sustainable Development Report 2024: Midpoint ReviewPNUDSciences économiques et de gestionPNUD2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/ab5a5dbf-e793-4d12-8483-49ef459ab0fe/enghttps://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-07/asdr_2024_-_en.pdfinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:be6c98fd-3a14-4823-a8cd-ebe5cf0278042026-07-28T15:24:12Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-SANdomaine:SCI-SAN:SAN-PUBinstitution:1e29624f-b34e-4d51-ae72-c8f57cd5a5e2Africa CDC Annual Report: Health Security and Pandemic Preparedness 2024Africa CDCSciences de la santéSanté publiqueOCDE FOS 3.3 Health sciencesAfrica CDC2024info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/be6c98fd-3a14-4823-a8cd-ebe5cf027804/enghttps://africacdc.org/download/annual-report-2024/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:5dc259e2-613f-4e3e-bdfc-885bd15accb82026-07-28T15:24:13Zopenairetype:rapportdomaine:SCI-SANdomaine:SCI-SAN:SAN-PUBinstitution:1e29624f-b34e-4d51-ae72-c8f57cd5a5e2Africa CDC Annual Report: Health Security 2023Africa CDCSciences de la santéSanté publiqueOCDE FOS 3.3 Health sciencesAfrica CDC2023info:eu-repo/semantics/reportRapporthttps://sphaero.academy/publication/5dc259e2-613f-4e3e-bdfc-885bd15accb8/frahttps://africacdc.org/download/annual-report-2023/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:sphaero.academy:d017dcf2-e3a0-4d16-92e7-cd126be4f9502026-08-25T12:07:25Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-AGRdomaine:SCI-AGR:AGR-AGROGlobal Plant Stress Signaling: Reactive Oxygen Species at the Cross-RoadSewelam, NasserKazan, KemalSchenk, Peer M.Sciences agricoles, animales et alimentairesAgronomieOCDE FOS 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesCurrent technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. However, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. Considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signaling networks. In this regard, growing evidence shows that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most common plant responses to different stresses, representing a point at which various signaling pathways come together. In this review, the complex nature of plant stress signaling networks will be discussed. An emphasis on different signaling players with a specific attention to ROS as the primary source of the signaling battery in plants will be presented. The interactions between ROS and other signaling components, e.g., calcium, redox homeostasis, membranes, G-proteins, MAPKs, plant hormones, and transcription factors will be assessed. A better understanding of the vital roles ROS are playing in plant signaling would help innovate new strategies to improve plant productivity under the circumstances of the increasing severity of environmental conditions and the high demand of food and energy worldwide.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/d017dcf2-e3a0-4d16-92e7-cd126be4f950/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00187enghttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00187info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:76d77ad0-b72d-43ca-82e7-eb0779eb8acc2026-08-25T12:07:28Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANGenomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme diseaseGulia-Nuss, MonikaNuss, Andrew B.Meyer, Jason M.Sonenshine, Daniel E.Roe, R. MichaelWaterhouse, Robert M.Sattelle, David B.Fuente, José de laRibeiro, José M. C.Mégy, KarynThimmapuram, JyothiMiller, JasonWalenz, Brian P.Koren, SergeyHostetler, Jessica B.Thiagarajan, MathangiJoardar, VinitaHannick, Linda I.Bidwell, ShelbyHammond, M.Young, SarahZeng, QiandongAbrudan, JenicaAlmeida, Francisca C.Ayllón, NievesBhide, KetakiBissinger, Brooke W.Bonzón‐Kulichenko, ElenaBuckingham, Steven D.Caffrey, Daniel R.Caimano, Melissa J.Croset, VincentDriscoll, TimothyGilbert, DonGillespie, Joseph J.Giraldo-Calderón, Gloria I.Grabowski, Jeffrey M.Jiang, David D.Khalil, Sayed M.S.Kim, Dong‐HunKocan, Katherine M.Koči, JurajKühn, RichardKurtti, Timothy J.Lang, Emma G.Kennedy, RyanKwon, HyeogsunPerera, RushikaQi, YuminRadolf, Justin D.Sakamoto, Joyce M.Sánchez‐Gracia, AlejandroSevero, Maiara S.Silverman, NealŠimo, LadislavTojo, MartaTornador, CristianZee, Janice P. VanVázquez, JesúsVieira, Filipe GarrettVillar, MargaritaWespiser, Adam R.Yang, YunlongZhu, JiweiArensburger, PeterPietrantonio, Patricia V.Barker, Stephen C.Shao, RenfuZdobnov, Evgeny M.Hauser, FrankGrimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J.P.Park, YoonseongRozas, JulioBenton, RichardPedra, Joao H. F.Nelson, David R.Unger, MariaTubío, José M. C.Tu, ZhijianRobertson, Hugh M.Shumway, MartinSutton, GrangerWortman, Jennifer R.Lawson, DanielWikel, Stephen K.Nene, VishvanathFraser, Claire M.Collins, Frank H.Birren, Bruce W.Caler, ElisabetHill, Catherine A.Sciences de la santéTicks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing ∼57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host 'questing', prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/76d77ad0-b72d-43ca-82e7-eb0779eb8acc/https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10507enghttps://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10507info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:89fa466c-46d7-434d-9edd-91003988a07e2026-08-25T12:08:07Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-AGRdomaine:SCI-AGR:AGR-AGROWorld's soils are under threatMontanarella, LucaPennock, D.J.McKenzie, N. J.Badraoui, MohamedChude, V. O.Baptista, IsaurindaMamo, TekalignYemefack, MartinAulakh, Mikha SinghYagi, K.Hong, Suk YoungVijarnsorn, PisootZhang, Gan-LinArrouays, DominiqueBlack, H. I. J.Krasilnikov, PavelSobocká, JaroslavaAlegre, JulioHenriquez, Carlos RobertoMendonça-Santos, Maria de LourdesTaboada, Miguel ÁngelEspinosa‐Victoria, DavidAlshankiti, AbdullahAlavipanah, Seyed KazemElsheikh, Elsiddig A. E.Hempel, JonArbestain, Marta CampsNachtergaele, FreddySciences agricoles, animales et alimentairesAgronomieOCDE FOS 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesAbstract. The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils has completed the first State of the World's Soil Resources Report. Globally soil erosion was identified as the gravest threat, leading to deteriorating water quality in developed regions and to lowering of crop yields in many developing regions. We need to increase nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use in infertile tropical and semi-tropical soils – the regions where the most food insecurity among us are found – while reducing global use of these products overall. Stores of soil organic carbon are critical in the global carbon balance, and national governments must set specific targets to stabilize or ideally increase soil organic carbon stores. Finally the quality of soil information available for policy formulation must be improved – the regional assessments in the State of the World's Soil Resources Report frequently base their evaluations on studies from the 1990s based on observations made in the 1980s or earlier.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/89fa466c-46d7-434d-9edd-91003988a07e/https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-79-2016enghttps://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-79-2016info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:7e7f800e-edbd-4065-aecc-25029bbc54512026-08-25T12:08:09Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-PHYFabrication of Metal Nanoparticles from Fungi and Metal Salts: Scope and ApplicationSiddiqi, K. S.Husen, AzamalSciences physiques et chimiquesFungi secrete enzymes and proteins as reducing agents which can be used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles from metal salts. Large-scale production of nanoparticles from diverse fungal strains has great potential since they can be grown even in vitro. In recent years, various approaches have been made to maximize the yield of nanoparticles of varying shape, size, and stability. They have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry, SEM/TEM, zeta potential measurements, UV-vis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In this review, we focus on the biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles by fungi to explore the chemistry of their formation extracellularly and intracellularly. Emphasis has been given to the potential of metal nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi, and on other potential applications.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/7e7f800e-edbd-4065-aecc-25029bbc5451/https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1311-2enghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1311-2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:7ee8ef94-be5b-4f41-ab0b-5caff98c7db12026-08-25T12:08:11Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-TERdomaine:SCI-TER:TER-ENVIntermediate tree cover can maximize groundwater recharge in the seasonally dry tropicsIlstedt, UlrikTobella, Aida BarguésBazié, Hugues RoméoBayala, JulesVerbeeten, E.Nyberg, GertSanou, JosiasBenegas, LauraMurdiyarso, DanielLaudon, HjalmarSheil, DouglasMalmer, AndersSciences de la Terre et de l'environnementSciences de l'environnementOCDE FOS 1.5 Earth and related environmental sciencesWater scarcity contributes to the poverty of around one-third of the world's people. Despite many benefits, tree planting in dry regions is often discouraged by concerns that trees reduce water availability. Yet relevant studies from the tropics are scarce, and the impacts of intermediate tree cover remain unexplored. We developed and tested an optimum tree cover theory in which groundwater recharge is maximized at an intermediate tree density. Below this optimal tree density the benefits from any additional trees on water percolation exceed their extra water use, leading to increased groundwater recharge, while above the optimum the opposite occurs. Our results, based on groundwater budgets calibrated with measurements of drainage and transpiration in a cultivated woodland in West Africa, demonstrate that groundwater recharge was maximised at intermediate tree densities. In contrast to the prevailing view, we therefore find that moderate tree cover can increase groundwater recharge, and that tree planting and various tree management options can improve groundwater resources. We evaluate the necessary conditions for these results to hold and suggest that they are likely to be common in the seasonally dry tropics, offering potential for widespread tree establishment and increased benefits for hundreds of millions of people.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/7ee8ef94-be5b-4f41-ab0b-5caff98c7db1/https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21930enghttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep21930info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:41d22aa1-4fa8-44cd-928e-2b46d08aab632026-08-25T12:08:16Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-VIEdomaine:SCI-VIE:VIE-BIOTECHStandardizing Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping Analysis from the Human ImmunoPhenotyping ConsortiumFinak, GregLangweiler, MarcJaimes, MariaMalek, MehrnoushTaghiyar, JafarKorin, YaelRaddassi, KhadirDevine, LesleyObermoser, GerlindePękalski, Marcin Ł.Pontikos, NikolasDiaz, AlainHeck, SusanneVillanova, FedericaTerrazzini, NadiaKern, FlorianYu, QianStanton, RickWang, KuiBrandes, AaronRamey, JohnAghaeepour, NimaMosmann, Tim R.Scheuermann, Richard H.Reed, Elaine F.Palucka, KarolinaPascual, VirginiaBlomberg, Bonnie B.Nestlé, Frank O.Nussenblatt, Robert B.Brinkman, Ryan R.Gottardo, RaphaëlMaecker, Holden T.McCoy, J. PhilipSciences de la vie et biotechnologiesBiotechnologiesOCDE FOS 2.9 Industrial biotechnologyStandardization of immunophenotyping requires careful attention to reagents, sample handling, instrument setup, and data analysis, and is essential for successful cross-study and cross-center comparison of data. Experts developed five standardized, eight-color panels for identification of major immune cell subsets in peripheral blood. These were produced as pre-configured, lyophilized, reagents in 96-well plates. We present the results of a coordinated analysis of samples across nine laboratories using these panels with standardized operating procedures (SOPs). Manual gating was performed by each site and by a central site. Automated gating algorithms were developed and tested by the FlowCAP consortium. Centralized manual gating can reduce cross-center variability, and we sought to determine whether automated methods could streamline and standardize the analysis. Within-site variability was low in all experiments, but cross-site variability was lower when central analysis was performed in comparison with site-specific analysis. It was also lower for clearly defined cell subsets than those based on dim markers and for rare populations. Automated gating was able to match the performance of central manual analysis for all tested panels, exhibiting little to no bias and comparable variability. Standardized staining, data collection, and automated gating can increase power, reduce variability, and streamline analysis for immunophenotyping.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/41d22aa1-4fa8-44cd-928e-2b46d08aab63/https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20686enghttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep20686info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:c5a8e195-4bed-4a2d-a9aa-5c8b868caa702026-08-25T12:08:17Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-VIEdomaine:SCI-VIE:VIE-BIOTECHHydrogen Sulfide—Mechanisms of Toxicity and Development of an AntidoteJiang, JingjingChan, AdrianoAli, Sameh S.Saha, ArindamHaushalter, Kristofer J.Lam, Wai-Ling MacrinaGlasheen, MeganParker, JamesBrenner, MatthewMahon, SariPatel, Hemal H.Ambasudhan, RajeshLipton, Stuart A.Pilz, Renate B.Boss, Gerry R.Sciences de la vie et biotechnologiesBiotechnologiesOCDE FOS 2.9 Industrial biotechnologyHydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas-second only to carbon monoxide as a cause of inhalational deaths. Its mechanism of toxicity is only partially known, and no specific therapy exists for sulfide poisoning. We show in several cell types, including human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, that sulfide inhibited complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induced apoptosis. Sulfide increased hydroxyl radical production in isolated mouse heart mitochondria and F2-isoprostanes in brains and hearts of mice. The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide reversed the cellular toxicity of sulfide, and rescued Drosophila melanogaster and mice from lethal exposures of hydrogen sulfide gas. Cobinamide worked through two distinct mechanisms: direct reversal of complex IV inhibition and neutralization of sulfide-generated reactive oxygen species. We conclude that sulfide produces a high degree of oxidative stress in cells and tissues, and that cobinamide has promise as a first specific treatment for sulfide poisoning.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/c5a8e195-4bed-4a2d-a9aa-5c8b868caa70/https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20831enghttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep20831info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:4a546730-4899-4f05-a06f-3a8e2160d7f02026-08-25T12:08:19Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-VIEdomaine:SCI-VIE:VIE-BIOTECHA single generation of domestication heritably alters the expression of hundreds of genesChristie, Mark R.Marine, Melanie L.Fox, Samuel E.French, Rod A.Blouin, Michael S.Sciences de la vie et biotechnologiesBiotechnologiesOCDE FOS 2.9 Industrial biotechnologyThe genetic underpinnings associated with the earliest stages of plant and animal domestication have remained elusive. Because a genome-wide response to selection can take many generations, the earliest detectable changes associated with domestication may first manifest as heritable changes to global patterns of gene expression. Here, to test this hypothesis, we measured differential gene expression in the offspring of wild and first-generation hatchery steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in a common environment. Remarkably, we find that there were 723 genes differentially expressed between the two groups of offspring. Reciprocal crosses reveal that the differentially expressed genes could not be explained by maternal effects or by chance differences in the background levels of gene expression among unrelated families. Gene-enrichment analyses reveal that adaptation to the novel hatchery environment involved responses in wound healing, immunity and metabolism. These findings suggest that the earliest stages of domestication may involve adaptation to highly crowded conditions.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/4a546730-4899-4f05-a06f-3a8e2160d7f0/https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10676enghttps://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10676info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:6bbbe84c-51c5-4001-8ed5-25abd8eb6e6b2026-08-25T12:08:20Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-TERdomaine:SCI-TER:TER-ENVSynthesis, characterisation and methyl orange adsorption capacity of ferric oxide–biochar nano-composites derived from pulp and paper sludgeChaukura, NhamoMurimba, Edna C.Gwenzi, WillisSciences de la Terre et de l'environnementSciences de l'environnementOCDE FOS 1.5 Earth and related environmental sciencesA Fe 2 O 3 –biochar nano-composite (Fe 2 O 3 –BC) was prepared from FeCl 3 -impregnated pulp and paper sludge (PPS) by pyrolysis at 750 °C. The characteristics and methyl orange (MO) adsorption capacity of Fe 2 O 3 –BC were compared to that of unactivated biochar (BC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the composite material was nano-sized. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl and aromatic groups on BC and on Fe 2 O 3 –BC, but Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) porosity were lower for Fe 2 O 3 –BC than BC. Despite the lower BET surface area and porosity of Fe 2 O 3 –BC, its MO adsorption capacity was 52.79 % higher than that of BC. The equilibrium adsorption data were best represented by the Freundlich model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 20.53 mg g −1 at pH 8 and 30 min contact time. MO adsorption obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics for both BC and Fe 2 O 3 –BC with R 2 values of 0.996 and 0.999, respectively. Higher MO adsorption capacity for Fe 2 O 3 –BC was attributed to the hybrid nature of the nano-composites; adsorption occurred on both biochar matrix and Fe 2 O 3 nanocrystals. Gibbs free energy calculations confirmed the adsorption is energetically favourable and spontaneous with a high preference for adsorption on both adsorbents. The nano-composite can be used for the efficient removal of MO (>97 %) from contaminated wastewater.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/6bbbe84c-51c5-4001-8ed5-25abd8eb6e6b/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0392-5enghttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0392-5info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:baed8481-a7ef-4c89-8719-82d94bcc8ffc2026-08-25T12:08:21Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-AGRdomaine:SCI-AGR:AGR-AGROAgricultural technology adoption, commercialization and smallholder rice farmers’ welfare in rural NigeriaAwotide, Bola AmokeKarimov, AzizDiagne, AliouSciences agricoles, animales et alimentairesAgronomieOCDE FOS 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesThis study assessed the determinants of intensity of adoption of Improved Rice Varieties (IRVs) and the effect of market participation on farmers’ welfare in Nigeria using the Tobit and Heckman two-stage models, respectively. The sample consists of cross-sectional data of 600 rice farmers selected randomly from three notable rice producing States in Nigeria. The variables that positively and significantly influenced the intensity of IRVs adoption include income from rice production, membership of a farmers’ organization, and the distance to the nearest sources of seed, cost of seed, yield and level of training. Gender of household head, access to improved seed, years of formal education, and average rice yield were those variables that are positive and statistically significant in increasing the probability that a farmer would participate in the market. The result further suggests that any increase in the farmers’ welfare is conditional on the probability of the farmer participating in the rice output markets. In addition, higher yield, income from rice production, gender of household head, and years of formal education are the variables that are positive and statistically significant in determining households’ welfare. Therefore, it is recommended that formation of associations among the rural farmers should be encouraged. Access to seed and information about the IRVs are also essential to increase the intensity of its adoption. Programmes to improve contact with extension agents, increased access to credit, raising educational background and increasing the area devoted to cultivating IRVs are the factors to be promoted in order to increase market participation and hence improve the welfare of rural households.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/baed8481-a7ef-4c89-8719-82d94bcc8ffc/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-016-0047-8enghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-016-0047-8info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:e51ed5dd-6b02-4c9f-b3f8-3b5271f6e0992026-08-25T12:08:22Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANUptake of Cervical Cancer Screening and Associated Factors among Women in Rural Uganda: A Cross Sectional StudyNdejjo, RawlanceMukama, TrasiasMusabyimana, AngèleMusoke, DavidSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: In developing countries, inadequate access to effective screening for cervical cancer often contributes to the high morbidity and mortality caused by the disease. The largest burden of this falls mostly on underserved populations in rural areas, where health care access is characterized by transport challenges, ill equipped health facilities, and lack of information access. This study assessed uptake of cervical cancer screening and associated factors among women in rural Uganda. METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in Bugiri and Mayuge districts in eastern Uganda and utilised quantitative data collection methods. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire on cervical cancer screening among females aged between 25 and 49 years who had spent six or more months in the area. Data were entered in Epidata 3.02 and analysed in STATA 12.0 statistical software. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the 900 women, only 43 (4.8%) had ever been screened for cervical cancer. Among respondents who were screened, 21 (48.8%) did so because they had been requested by a health worker, 17 (39.5%) had certain signs and symptoms they associated with cervical cancer while 16 (37.2%) did it voluntarily to know their status. Barriers to cervical cancer screening were negative individual perceptions 553 (64.5%) and health facility related challenges 142 (16.6%). Other respondents said they were not aware of the screening service 416 (48.5%). The independent predictors of cervical cancer screening were: being recommended by a health worker [AOR = 87.85, p<0.001], knowing where screening services were offered [AOR = 6.24, p = 0.004], and knowing someone who had ever been screened [AOR = 9.48, p = 0.001]. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cervical cancer screening is very low in rural Uganda. Interventions to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening should be implemented so as to improve access to the service in rural areas.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/e51ed5dd-6b02-4c9f-b3f8-3b5271f6e099/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149696enghttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149696info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:c0f5d11d-0a2e-44ac-8a0f-100490f326182026-08-25T12:08:23Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANdomaine:SCI-SAN:SAN-PUBMaternal mental health in primary care in five low- and middle-income countries: a situational analysisBaron, EmilyHanlon, CharlotteMall, SumayaHonikman, SimoneBreuer, EricaKathree, TasneemLuitel, Nagendra P.Nakku, JulietLund, CrickMedhin, GirmayPatel, VikramPetersen, IngeShrivastava, SanjayTomlinson, MarkSciences de la santéSanté publiqueOCDE FOS 3.3 Health sciencesBACKGROUND: The integration of maternal mental health into primary health care has been advocated to reduce the mental health treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study reports findings of a cross-country situation analysis on maternal mental health and services available in five LMICs, to inform the development of integrated maternal mental health services integrated into primary health care. METHODS: The situation analysis was conducted in five districts in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda, as part of the Programme for Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME). The analysis reports secondary data on the prevalence and impact of priority maternal mental disorders (perinatal depression, alcohol use disorders during pregnancy and puerperal psychosis), existing policies, plans and services for maternal mental health, and other relevant contextual factors, such as explanatory models for mental illness. RESULTS: Limited data were available at the district level, although generalizable data from other sites was identified in most cases. Community and facility-based prevalences ranged widely across PRIME countries for perinatal depression (3-50 %) and alcohol consumption during pregnancy (5-51 %). Maternal mental health was included in mental health policies in South Africa, India and Ethiopia, and a mental health care plan was in the process of being implemented in South Africa. No district reported dedicated maternal mental health services, but referrals to specialised care in psychiatric units or general hospitals were possible. No information was available on coverage for maternal mental health care. Challenges to the provision of maternal mental health care included; limited evidence on feasible detection and treatment strategies for maternal mental disorders, lack of mental health specialists in the public health sector, lack of prescribing guidelines for pregnant and breastfeeding women, and stigmatising attitudes among primary health care staff and the community. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to anticipate demand for mental health care at district level in the five countries, given the lack of evidence on the prevalence and treatment coverage of women with maternal mental disorders. Limited evidence on effective psychosocial interventions was also noted, and must be addressed for mental health programmes, such as PRIME, to implement feasible and effective services.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/c0f5d11d-0a2e-44ac-8a0f-100490f32618/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1291-zenghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1291-zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:7bc3c8d8-4c4f-4a44-8d48-4659c02923ae2026-08-25T12:08:24Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANKnowledge, attitudes and perceptions of occupational hazards and safety practices in Nigerian healthcare workersAluko, Olufemi O.Adebayo, Ayobami EmmanuelAdebisi, Titilayo FlorenceEwegbemi, Mathew KolawoleAbidoye, Abiodun TolaniPopoola, BukolaSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: By profession, healthcare workers (HCWs) attend to clients and patients through a variety of preventive and curative services. However, while their attention is focused on providing care, they are vulnerable to hazards that could be detrimental to their health and well-being. This is especially true in developing countries where health service delivery is fraught with minimal protective precautions against exposures to numerous fomites and infectious agents. This study assessed the workplace hazards and safety practices by selected HCWs in a typical health care facility (HCF) in Nigeria. METHODS: The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design and stratified sampling technique to identify 290 respondents. The study used mixed methodology and collected data by validated instruments with resulting data analyzed by IBM-SPSS, version 20. RESULTS: The results showed that over half of the respondents were registered nurses, female, married (61.7 %) with 5 years median work experience (70.3 %). Most respondents (89 %) were knowledgeable about hazards in HCFs, identified recapping used needles as a risky practice (70 %) and recognized that effective hand washing prior to, and after every clinical procedure in preventing cross infection (100 %). Also, most respondents (96.2 %) believed they were at risk of occupational hazards while about two-thirds perceived the risk as high. In addition, only 64.2 and 87.2 % had completed Hepatitis B and Tetanus immunizations, respectively. Only 52.1 % "always" complied with standard procedures and most (93.8 %) practice safe disposal of sharps (93.8 %) while those that did not (40 %) generally implicated lack of basic safety equipment. In this study, the practice of hand washing by respondents was not influenced by occupation and education. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of knowledge demonstrated by respondents was at variance with practice, therefore, measures aimed at promoting safety practices and, minimizing exposure to hazards such as; provision of safety equipment, pre-placement and routine training of staff on safety practices and adequate reinforcement of staff capacity and capability through drills in all HCFs should be institutionalized and made mandatory. The protocol of the safety training and drills should be responsive to evidence-based emerging and sectoral safety challenges.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/7bc3c8d8-4c4f-4a44-8d48-4659c02923ae/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1880-2enghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1880-2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:d468a917-e84a-4a3b-ace7-9685d4bf6ada2026-08-25T12:08:25Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANOngoing Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus after 25 Years of Annual Ivermectin Mass Treatments in the Vina du Nord River Valley, in North CameroonEisenbarth, AlbertAchukwi, Mbunkah DanielRenz, AlfonsSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: Recent reports of transmission interruption of Onchocerca volvulus, the causing agent of river blindness, in former endemic foci in the Americas, and more recently in West and East Africa, raise the question whether elimination of this debilitating disease is underway after long-term treatment of the population at risk with ivermectin. The situation in Central Africa has not yet been clearly assessed. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Entomologic data from two former endemic river basins in North Cameroon were generated over a period of 43 and 48 months to follow-up transmission levels in areas under prolonged ivermectin control. Moreover, epidemiologic parameters of animal-borne Onchocerca spp. transmitted by the same local black fly vectors of the Simulium damnosum complex were recorded and their impact on O. volvulus transmission success evaluated. With mitochondrial DNA markers we unambiguously confirmed the presence of infective O. volvulus larvae in vectors from the Sudan savannah region (mean Annual Transmission Potential 2009-2012: 98, range 47-221), but not from the Adamawa highland region. Transmission rates of O. ochengi, a parasite of Zebu cattle, were high in both foci. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The high cattle livestock density in conjunction with the high transmission rates of the bovine filaria O. ochengi prevents the transmission of O. volvulus on the Adamawa plateau, whereas transmission in a former hyperendemic focus was markedly reduced, but not completely interrupted after 25 years of ivermectin control. This study may be helpful to gauge the impact of the presence of animal-filariae for O. volvulus transmission in terms of the growing human and livestock populations in sub-Saharan countries.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/d468a917-e84a-4a3b-ace7-9685d4bf6ada/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004392enghttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004392info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:673c9c18-356b-482b-b889-ab39f8cbfc262026-08-25T12:08:26Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANPlasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PfHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in GhanaAmoah, Linda EvaAbankwa, JoanaOppong, AkuaSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) play a key role in malaria management and control. The PfHRP-2 based RDT is the most widely used RDT for malaria diagnosis in Ghana. Deletion of pfhrp2 in Plasmodium falciparum parasites affect the diagnostic accuracy of PfHRP-2 based RDT kits. Identifying the prevalence and distribution of P. falciparum parasites with deleted pfhrp2 is important for malaria control. AIM: The purpose of this study was to identify and confirm the prevalence of pfhrp2 deletant P. falciparum parasites circulating within different regions of Ghana. METHODS: DNA was extracted from the membrane of spent CareStart™ PfHRP-2 RDT kits and dried filter paper blood blots using Chelex-100. Exon 2 of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under UV light. RESULTS: Microscopic analysis of blood smears from samples that were PfHRP-2 RDT positive revealed a parasite prevalence of 54/114 (47.4 %) and 2/26 (7.7 %) in Accra and Cape Coast, respectively. PCR analysis increased parasite prevalence in the RDT positive samples to 94/114 (82.5 %) and 6/26 (23.1 %) in Accra and Cape Coast respectively. The exon 2 of the pfhrp2 gene was deleted in 18/54 (33.3 %) of the microscopy confirmed and 36.2 % (34/94) of the PCR confirmed RDT positive samples collected in Accra. No RDT sample, confirmed to contain parasites by either PCR or microscopy was negative by pfhrp2 exon 2 PCR in Cape Coast. A survey of an additional 558 DBS revealed that 22.4 % (46/205) and 40 % (44/110) of PCR positive samples in Accra and Cape Coast, respectively, lacked the exon 2 region of pfhrp2 and possibly the entire pfhrp2 gene. CONCLUSIONS: A high number of P. falciparum parasites, which lack pfhrp2 exon 2 gene have been identified in two communities in Ghana. Continuous nationwide monitoring of the prevalence of pfhrp2 deletant parasites would be essential to malaria control. The use of RDT kits that are effective at malaria diagnosis despite deletion of pfhrp2, such as the PfHRP-2/PfLDH combo RDT kit could enhance the diagnosis of clinical malaria in Ghana.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/673c9c18-356b-482b-b889-ab39f8cbfc26/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1159-zenghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1159-zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:d949dab5-bc19-4c53-b7ed-7979356404202026-08-25T12:08:27Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-TERdomaine:SCI-TER:TER-ENVKinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of Congo red dye using guava leaf-based activated carbonOjedokun, Adedamola TitiBello, Olugbenga SolomonSciences de la Terre et de l'environnementSciences de l'environnementOCDE FOS 1.5 Earth and related environmental sciencesGuava leaf, a waste material, was treated and activated to prepare adsorbent. The adsorbent was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from guava leaf had appreciable carbon content (86.84 %). The adsorption of Congo red dye onto guava leaf-based activated carbon (GLAC) was studied in this research. Experimental data were analyzed by four different model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms and it was found to fit Freundlich equation most. Adsorption rate constants were determined using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion model equations. The results clearly showed that the adsorption of CR dye onto GLAC followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Intraparticle diffusion was involved in the adsorption process. The mean energy of adsorption calculated from D-R isotherm confirmed the involvement of physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters were obtained and it was found that the adsorption of CR dye onto GLAC was an exothermic and spontaneous process at the temperatures under investigation. The maximum adsorption of CR dye by GLAC was found to be 47.62 mg/g. The study shows that GLAC is an effective adsorbent for the adsorption of CR dye from aqueous solution.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/d949dab5-bc19-4c53-b7ed-797935640420/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0375-yenghttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0375-yinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:b2a6282b-f917-49e9-aaeb-f1980995ce8a2026-08-25T12:08:29Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-VIEdomaine:SCI-VIE:VIE-BIOTECHSuccinic acid production on xylose-enriched biorefinery streams by Actinobacillus succinogenes in batch fermentationSalvachúa, DaviniaMohagheghi, AliSmith, HollyBradfield, Michael F. A.Nicol, WillieBlack, Brenna A.Biddy, Mary J.Dowe, NancyBeckham, Gregg T.Sciences de la vie et biotechnologiesBiotechnologiesOCDE FOS 2.9 Industrial biotechnologyBACKGROUND: Co-production of chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass alongside fuels holds promise for improving the economic outlook of integrated biorefineries. In current biochemical conversion processes that use thermochemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, fractionation of hemicellulose-derived and cellulose-derived sugar streams is possible using hydrothermal or dilute acid pretreatment (DAP), which then offers a route to parallel trains for fuel and chemical production from xylose- and glucose-enriched streams. Succinic acid (SA) is a co-product of particular interest in biorefineries because it could potentially displace petroleum-derived chemicals and polymer precursors for myriad applications. However, SA production from biomass-derived hydrolysates has not yet been fully explored or developed. RESULTS: Here, we employ Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z to produce succinate in batch fermentations from various substrates including (1) pure sugars to quantify substrate inhibition, (2) from mock hydrolysates similar to those from DAP containing single putative inhibitors, and (3) using the hydrolysate derived from two pilot-scale pretreatments: first, a mild alkaline wash (deacetylation) followed by DAP, and secondly a single DAP step, both with corn stover. These latter streams are both rich in xylose and contain different levels of inhibitors such as acetate, sugar dehydration products (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), and lignin-derived products (ferulate, p-coumarate). In batch fermentations, we quantify succinate and co-product (acetate and formate) titers as well as succinate yields and productivities. We demonstrate yields of 0.74 g succinate/g sugars and 42.8 g/L succinate from deacetylated DAP hydrolysate, achieving maximum productivities of up to 1.27 g/L-h. Moreover, A. succinogenes is shown to detoxify furfural via reduction to furfuryl alcohol, although an initial lag in succinate production is observed when furans are present. Acetate seems to be the main inhibitor for this bacterium present in biomass hydrolysates. CONCLUSION: Overall, these results demonstrate that biomass-derived, xylose-enriched hydrolysates result in similar yields and titers but lower productivities compared to clean sugar streams, which can likely be improved via fermentation process developments and metabolic engineering. Overall, this study comprehensively examines the behavior of A. succinogenes on xylose-enriched hydrolysates on an industrially relevant, lignocellulosic feedstock, which will pave the way for future work toward eventual SA production in an integrated biorefinery.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/b2a6282b-f917-49e9-aaeb-f1980995ce8a/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0425-1enghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0425-1info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:7e565970-0205-40a4-bc18-63fff90cfdb32026-08-25T12:22:19Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-AGRdomaine:SCI-AGR:AGR-AGRONitric Oxide Mitigates Salt Stress by Regulating Levels of Osmolytes and Antioxidant Enzymes in ChickpeaAhmad, ParvaizLatef, Arafat Abdel Hamed AbdelHashem, AbeerAllah, Elsayed Fathi AbdGücel, SalihTran, Lam‐Son PhanSciences agricoles, animales et alimentairesAgronomieOCDE FOS 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesThis work was designed to evaluate whether external application of nitric oxide (NO) in the form of its donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) could mitigate the deleterious effects of NaCl stress on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. SNAP (50 μM) was applied to chickpea plants grown under non-saline and saline conditions (50 and 100 mM NaCl). Salt stress inhibited growth and biomass yield, leaf relative water content (LRWC) and chlorophyll content of chickpea plants. High salinity increased electrolyte leakage, carotenoid content and the levels of osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, soluble proteins and soluble sugars), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase in chickpea plants. Expression of the representative SOD, CAT and APX genes examined was also up-regulated in chickpea plants by salt stress. On the other hand, exogenous application of NO to salinized plants enhanced the growth parameters, LRWC, photosynthetic pigment production and levels of osmolytes, as well as the activities of examined antioxidant enzymes which is correlated with up-regulation of the examined SOD, CAT and APX genes, in comparison with plants treated with NaCl only. Furthermore, electrolyte leakage, H2O2 and MDA contents showed decline in salt-stressed plants supplemented with NO as compared with those in NaCl-treated plants alone. Thus, the exogenous application of NO protected chickpea plants against salt stress-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the biosyntheses of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving plant growth under saline stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NO has capability to mitigate the adverse effects of high salinity on chickpea plants by improving LRWC, photosynthetic pigment biosyntheses, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidative defense system.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/7e565970-0205-40a4-bc18-63fff90cfdb3/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00347enghttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00347info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:35e2cda8-37d7-4573-9fe1-23517d8f50df2026-08-25T12:22:21Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-AGRdomaine:SCI-AGR:AGR-AGROHigh Salinity Induces Different Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Responses in Maize Seedlings OrgansAbdElgawad, HamadaZinta, GauravHegab, Momtaz M.Pandey, RenuAsard, HanAbuelsoud, WalidSciences agricoles, animales et alimentairesAgronomieOCDE FOS 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesSalinity negatively affects plant growth and causes significant crop yield losses world-wide. Maize is an economically important cereal crop affected by high salinity. In this study, maize seedlings were subjected to 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl, to emulate high soil salinity. Roots, mature leaves (basal leaf-pair 1,2) and young leaves (distal leaf-pair 3,4) were harvested after 3 weeks of sowing. Roots showed the highest reduction in biomass, followed by mature and young leaves in the salt-stressed plants. Concomitant with the pattern of growth reduction, roots accumulated the highest levels of Na(+) followed by mature and young leaves. High salinity induced oxidative stress in the roots and mature leaves, but to a lesser extent in younger leaves. The younger leaves showed increased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations only at 150 mM NaCl. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and polyphenol content increased with the increase in salinity levels in roots and mature leaves, but showed no changes in the young leaves. Under salinity stress, reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) content increased in roots, while total tocopherol levels increased specifically in the shoot tissues. Similarly, redox changes estimated by the ratio of redox couples (ASC/total ascorbate and GSH/total glutathione) showed significant decreases in the roots. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), increased in all organs of salt-treated plants, while superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione-s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased specifically in the roots. Overall, these results suggest that Na(+) is retained and detoxified mainly in roots, and less stress impact is observed in mature and younger leaves. This study also indicates a possible role of ROS in the systemic signaling from roots to leaves, allowing leaves to activate their defense mechanisms for better protection against salt stress.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/35e2cda8-37d7-4573-9fe1-23517d8f50df/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00276enghttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00276info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:26bf6f70-a6b7-407e-9ee3-a5494c86f1a62026-08-25T12:22:24Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANExperimental Treatment with Favipiravir for Ebola Virus Disease (the JIKI Trial): A Historically Controlled, Single-Arm Proof-of-Concept Trial in GuineaSissoko, DaoudaLaouenan, CédricFolkesson, ElinM’Lebing, Abdoul-BingBeavogui, Abdoul-HabibBaize, SylvainCamara, Alseny-ModetMaes, PietShepherd, SusanDanel, ChristineCarazo, SaraConde, Mamoudou N.Gala, Jean‐LucColin, GéraldineSavini, HélèneBoré, Joseph AkoiMarcis, Frédéric LeKoundouno, Fara RaymondPetitjean, FrédéricLamah, Marie-ClaireDiederich, SandraTounkara, AlexisPoelart, GeertruiBerbain, EmmanuelDindart, Jean-MichelDuraffour, SophieLefevre, AnnabelleLeno, TambaPeyrouset, OlivierIrenge, Léonid M.Bangoura, N’FamaraPalich, RomainHinzmann, JuliaKraus, AnnetteBarry, Thierno SadouBerette, SakobaBongono, AndréCamara, Mohamed SetoMunoz, Valérie ChanfreauDoumbouya, LancinéHarouna, SouleyKighoma, Patient MumbereKoundouno, Fara RogerLolamou, RénéLoua, Cécé MoribaMassala, VincentKinda, MoumouniProvost, CéliaSamake, NenefingSekou, CondeSoumah, AbdoulayeArnould, IsabelleKomano, Michel SaaGustin, LinaBerutto, CarlottaCamara, Fodé SaydouColpaert, JolieneDelamou, LéontineJansson, LenaKourouma, EtienneLoua, MauriceMalme, Kristian NødtvedtManfrin, EmmaMaomou, AndréMilinouno, AdeleOmbelet, SienSidiboun, Aboubacar YoulaVerreckt, IsabelleYombouno, PaulineBocquin, AnneCarbonnelle, CarolineCarmoi, T.Frange, PierreMély, StéphaneNguyen, Vinh‐KimPannetier, DelphineTaburet, Anne‐MarieTréluyer, Jean‐MarcKolié, Jacques SeraphinMoh, RaoulGonzalez, Minerva CervantesKuisma, EevaLiedigk, BrittaNgabo, DidierRudolf, MartinThom, RuthKerber, RomyGabriel, MartinDi, AntoninoWölfel, RomanBadir, JamalBentahir, MostafaDeccache, YannDumont, CatherineDurant, F.Bakkouri, Karim ElUwamahoro, Marie GasasiraSmits, BenjaminToufik, NoraSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a highly lethal condition for which no specific treatment has proven efficacy. In September 2014, while the Ebola outbreak was at its peak, the World Health Organization released a short list of drugs suitable for EVD research. Favipiravir, an antiviral developed for the treatment of severe influenza, was one of these. In late 2014, the conditions for starting a randomized Ebola trial were not fulfilled for two reasons. One was the perception that, given the high number of patients presenting simultaneously and the very high mortality rate of the disease, it was ethically unacceptable to allocate patients from within the same family or village to receive or not receive an experimental drug, using a randomization process impossible to understand by very sick patients. The other was that, in the context of rumors and distrust of Ebola treatment centers, using a randomized design at the outset might lead even more patients to refuse to seek care. Therefore, we chose to conduct a multicenter non-randomized trial, in which all patients would receive favipiravir along with standardized care. The objectives of the trial were to test the feasibility and acceptability of an emergency trial in the context of a large Ebola outbreak, and to collect data on the safety and effectiveness of favipiravir in reducing mortality and viral load in patients with EVD. The trial was not aimed at directly informing future guidelines on Ebola treatment but at quickly gathering standardized preliminary data to optimize the design of future studies. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Inclusion criteria were positive Ebola virus reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) test, age ≥ 1 y, weight ≥ 10 kg, ability to take oral drugs, and informed consent. All participants received oral favipiravir (day 0: 6,000 mg; day 1 to day 9: 2,400 mg/d). Semi-quantitative Ebola virus RT-PCR (results expressed in "cycle threshold" [Ct]) and biochemistry tests were performed at day 0, day 2, day 4, end of symptoms, day 14, and day 30. Frozen samples were shipped to a reference biosafety level 4 laboratory for RNA viral load measurement using a quantitative reference technique (genome copies/milliliter). Outcomes were mortality, viral load evolution, and adverse events. The analysis was stratified by age and Ct value. A "target value" of mortality was defined a priori for each stratum, to guide the interpretation of interim and final analysis. Between 17 December 2014 and 8 April 2015, 126 patients were included, of whom 111 were analyzed (adults and adolescents, ≥13 y, n = 99; young children, ≤6 y, n = 12). Here we present the results obtained in the 99 adults and adolescents. Of these, 55 had a baseline Ct value ≥ 20 (Group A Ct ≥ 20), and 44 had a baseline Ct value < 20 (Group A Ct < 20). Ct values and RNA viral loads were well correlated, with Ct = 20 corresponding to RNA viral load = 7.7 log10 genome copies/ml. Mortality was 20% (95% CI 11.6%-32.4%) in Group A Ct ≥ 20 and 91% (95% CI 78.8%-91.1%) in Group A Ct < 20. Both mortality 95% CIs included the predefined target value (30% and 85%, respectively). Baseline serum creatinine was ≥110 μmol/l in 48% of patients in Group A Ct ≥ 20 (≥300 μmol/l in 14%) and in 90% of patients in Group A Ct < 20 (≥300 μmol/l in 44%). In Group A Ct ≥ 20, 17% of patients with baseline creatinine ≥110 μmol/l died, versus 97% in Group A Ct < 20. In patients who survived, the mean decrease in viral load was 0.33 log10 copies/ml per day of follow-up. RNA viral load values and mortality were not significantly different between adults starting favipiravir within <72 h of symptoms compared to others. Favipiravir was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of an outbreak at its peak, with crowded care centers, randomizing patients to receive either standard care or standard care plus an experimental drug was not felt to be appropriate. We did a non-randomized trial. This trial reaches nuanced conclusions. On the one hand, we do not conclude on the efficacy of the drug, and our conclusions on tolerance, although encouraging, are not as firm as they could have been if we had used randomization. On the other hand, we learned about how to quickly set up and run an Ebola trial, in close relationship with the community and non-governmental organizations; we integrated research into care so that it improved care; and we generated knowledge on EVD that is useful to further research. Our data illustrate the frequency of renal dysfunction and the powerful prognostic value of low Ct values. They suggest that drug trials in EVD should systematically stratify analyses by baseline Ct value, as a surrogate of viral load. They also suggest that favipiravir monotherapy merits further study in patients with medium to high viremia, but not in those with very high viremia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02329054.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/26bf6f70-a6b7-407e-9ee3-a5494c86f1a6/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001967enghttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001967info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:c22190a0-3671-4a22-b4a6-2164c985660d2026-08-25T12:22:26Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-TERdomaine:SCI-TER:TER-ENVPotential Biotechnological Strategies for the Cleanup of Heavy Metals and MetalloidsMosa, Kareem A.Saadoun, IsmailKumar, KundanHelmy, MohamedDhankher, Om ParkashSciences de la Terre et de l'environnementSciences de l'environnementOCDE FOS 1.5 Earth and related environmental sciencesGlobal mechanization, urbanization, and various natural processes have led to the increased release of toxic compounds into the biosphere. These hazardous toxic pollutants include a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, which pose a serious threat to the ecosystem. The contamination of soil and water are the major environmental concerns in the present scenario. This leads to a greater need for remediation of contaminated soils and water with suitable approaches and mechanisms. The conventional remediation of contaminated sites commonly involves the physical removal of contaminants, and their disposition. Physical remediation strategies are expensive, non-specific and often make the soil unsuitable for agriculture and other uses by disturbing the microenvironment. Owing to these concerns, there has been increased interest in eco-friendly and sustainable approaches such as bioremediation, phytoremediation and rhizoremediation for the cleanup of contaminated sites. This review lays particular emphasis on biotechnological approaches and strategies for heavy metal and metalloid containment removal from the environment, highlighting the advances and implications of bioremediation and phytoremediation as well as their utilization in cleaning-up toxic pollutants from contaminated environments.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/c22190a0-3671-4a22-b4a6-2164c985660d/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00303enghttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00303info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:1d83fda7-c491-45a7-88ca-510c7ea98e772026-08-25T12:22:27Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANGlobal Role and Burden of Influenza in Pediatric Respiratory Hospitalizations, 1982–2012: A Systematic AnalysisLafond, Kathryn E.Nair, HarishRasooly, Mohammad HafizValente, FátimaBooy, RobertRahman, MahmudurKitsutani, PaulYu, HongjieGuiselle, GuzmanCoulibaly, DaoudaArmero, JulioJima, DaddiHowie, Stephen R. C.Ampofo, WilliamMena, RicardoChadha, MandeepSampurno, Ondri DwiEmukule, Gideon O.Nurmatov, ZuridinCorwin, Andrew L.Héraud, Jean‐MichelNoyola, Daniel E.Cojocaru, RaduNymadawa, PagbajabynBarakat, AmalAdedeji, AdebayoHoroch, M vonOlveda, Remigio M.Nyatanyi, ThierryVenter, MarietjieMmbaga, VidaChittaganpitch, MalineeNguyen, TranTheo, AndrosWhaley, MelissaAzziz‐Baumgartner, EduardoBresee, JosephCampbell, HarryWiddowson, Marc‐AlainSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: The global burden of pediatric severe respiratory illness is substantial, and influenza viruses contribute to this burden. Systematic surveillance and testing for influenza among hospitalized children has expanded globally over the past decade. However, only a fraction of the data has been used to estimate influenza burden. In this analysis, we use surveillance data to provide an estimate of influenza-associated hospitalizations among children worldwide. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We aggregated data from a systematic review (n = 108) and surveillance platforms (n = 37) to calculate a pooled estimate of the proportion of samples collected from children hospitalized with respiratory illnesses and positive for influenza by age group (<6 mo, <1 y, <2 y, <5 y, 5-17 y, and <18 y). We applied this proportion to global estimates of acute lower respiratory infection hospitalizations among children aged <1 y and <5 y, to obtain the number and per capita rate of influenza-associated hospitalizations by geographic region and socio-economic status. Influenza was associated with 10% (95% CI 8%-11%) of respiratory hospitalizations in children <18 y worldwide, ranging from 5% (95% CI 3%-7%) among children <6 mo to 16% (95% CI 14%-20%) among children 5-17 y. On average, we estimated that influenza results in approximately 374,000 (95% CI 264,000 to 539,000) hospitalizations in children <1 y-of which 228,000 (95% CI 150,000 to 344,000) occur in children <6 mo-and 870,000 (95% CI 610,000 to 1,237,000) hospitalizations in children <5 y annually. Influenza-associated hospitalization rates were more than three times higher in developing countries than in industrialized countries (150/100,000 children/year versus 48/100,000). However, differences in hospitalization practices between settings are an important limitation in interpreting these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza is an important contributor to respiratory hospitalizations among young children worldwide. Increasing influenza vaccination coverage among young children and pregnant women could reduce this burden and protect infants <6 mo.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/1d83fda7-c491-45a7-88ca-510c7ea98e77/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001977enghttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001977info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:7ff8d2da-5d8f-4403-8fee-5de085d5f1f92026-08-25T12:22:28Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANTools and Strategies for Malaria Control and Elimination: What Do We Need to Achieve a Grand Convergence in Malaria?Hemingway, JanetShretta, RimaWells, Timothy N. C.Bell, DavidDjimdé, AbdoulayeAchee, Nicole L.Gao, QiSciences de la santéProgress made in malaria control during the past decade has prompted increasing global dialogue on malaria elimination and eradication. The product development pipeline for malaria has never been stronger, with promising new tools to detect, treat, and prevent malaria, including innovative diagnostics, medicines, vaccines, vector control products, and improved mechanisms for surveillance and response. There are at least 25 projects in the global malaria vaccine pipeline, as well as 47 medicines and 13 vector control products. In addition, there are several next-generation diagnostic tools and reference methods currently in development, with many expected to be introduced in the next decade. The development and adoption of these tools, bolstered by strategies that ensure rapid uptake in target populations, intensified mechanisms for information management, surveillance, and response, and continued financial and political commitment are all essential to achieving global eradication.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/7ff8d2da-5d8f-4403-8fee-5de085d5f1f9/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002380enghttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002380info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:17cd3074-2563-487b-8fd3-f766a417a3fe2026-08-25T12:22:30Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-AGRdomaine:SCI-AGR:AGR-AGROImpacts of Priming with Silicon on the Growth and Tolerance of Maize Plants to Alkaline StressLatef, Arafat Abdel Hamed AbdelTran, Lam‐Son PhanSciences agricoles, animales et alimentairesAgronomieOCDE FOS 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesSilicon (Si) has been known to augment plant defense against biotic and abiotic pressures. Maize (Zea maize L.) is classified as a Si accumulator and is relatively susceptible to alkaline stress. In this study, seeds of maize were grown in pots and exposed to various concentrations of Na2CO3 (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM) with or without 1.5 mM Si in the form of sodium metasilicate Na2O3Si.5H2O for 25 days. Alkaline-stressed plants showed a decrease in growth parameters, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and the contents of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, total phenols and potassium ion (K(+)), as well as potassium/sodium ion (K(+)/Na(+)) ratio. By contrast, alkaline stress increased the contents of soluble proteins, total free amino acids, proline, Na(+) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in stressed plants. On the other hand, application of Si by seed-priming improved growth of stressed plants, which was accompanied by the enhancement in LRWC, and levels of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids and K(+), as well as activities of SOD, CAT, and POD enzymes. Furthermore, Si supplement resulted in a decrease in the contents of proline, MDA and Na(+), which together with enhanced K(+) level led to a favorable adjustment of K(+)/Na(+) ratio, in stressed plants relative to plants treated with alkaline stress alone. Taken together, these results indicate that Si plays a pivotal role in alleviating the negative effects of alkaline stress on maize growth by improving water status, enhancing photosynthetic pigments, accumulating osmoprotectants rather than proline, activating the antioxidant machinery, and maintaining the balance of K(+)/Na(+) ratio. Thus, our findings demonstrate that seed-priming with Si is an efficient strategy that can be used to boost tolerance of maize plants to alkaline stress.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/17cd3074-2563-487b-8fd3-f766a417a3fe/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00243enghttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00243info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:sphaero.academy:7c672aa9-96c0-4546-b7db-b8f27ded94782026-08-25T12:22:31Zopenairetype:articledomaine:SCI-SANService user and caregiver involvement in mental health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries: systematic reviewSemrau, MayaLempp, HeidiKeynejad, RoxanneEvans‐Lacko, SaraMugisha, JamesRaja, ShobaLamichhane, JagannathAlem, AtalayThornicroft, GrahamHanlon, CharlotteSciences de la santéBACKGROUND: The involvement of mental health service users and their caregivers in health system policy and planning, service monitoring and research can contribute to mental health system strengthening, but as yet there have been very few efforts to do so in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: This systematic review examined the evidence and experience of service user and caregiver involvement in mental health system strengthening, as well as models of best practice for evaluation of capacity-building activities that facilitate their greater participation. Both the peer-reviewed and the grey literature were included in the review, which were identified through database searches (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Google Scholar and Cochrane), as well as hand-searching of reference lists and the internet, and a snowballing process of contacting experts active in the area. This review included any kind of study design that described or evaluated service user, family or caregiver (though not community) involvement in LMICs (including service users with intellectual disabilities, dementia, or child and adolescent mental health problems) and that were relevant to mental health system strengthening across five categories. Data were extracted and summarised as a narrative review. RESULTS: Twenty papers matched the inclusion criteria. Overall, the review found that although there were examples of service user and caregiver involvement in mental health system strengthening in numerous countries, there was a lack of high-quality research and a weak evidence base for the work that was being conducted across countries. However, there was some emerging research on the development of policies and strategies, including advocacy work, and to a lesser extent the development of services, service monitoring and evaluation, with most service user involvement having taken place within advocacy and service delivery. Research was scarce within the other health system strengthening areas. CONCLUSIONS: Further research on service user and caregiver involvement in mental health system strengthening in LMICs is recommended, in particular research that includes more rigorous evaluation. A series of specific recommendations are provided based on the review.2016info:eu-repo/semantics/articleArticle scientifiquehttps://sphaero.academy/publication/7c672aa9-96c0-4546-b7db-b8f27ded9478/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1323-8enghttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1323-8info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/eyJ2IjoxLCJzIjoib3BlbmFpcmUiLCJmIjoiIiwidSI6IiIsIm4iOjEwMCwiZCI6IjIwMjYtMDgtMjVUMTI6MjI6MzEuODkxNjg1KzAwOjAwIiwiaSI6IjdjNjcyYWE5LTk2YzAtNDU0Ni1iN2RiLWI4ZjI3ZGVkOTQ3OCJ9