COPD’s early origins in low-and-middle income countries: what are the implications of a false start?
Résumé
The Global Initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung disease (GOLD) guideline of 2018 describes COPD as ‘the result of a complex interplay of long-term cumulative exposure to noxious gases and particles, combined with a variety of host factors including genetics, airway hyper-responsiveness and poor lung growth during childhood’. 1 Tobacco smoking is traditionally viewed as the main contributing factor to the development of COPD. However, COPD also occurs among non-smokers, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). 2 , 3 Notably, more than 90% of COPD-related deaths occur in LMICs. 4 For these countries, other risk factors, such as ambient, occupational and household air pollution play a significant role in the development of COPD. 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 Does COPD in these settings have a different pathophysiological trajectory compared to COPD in high-income countries, and if so: what does this imply?
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