Prevalence, infection intensity, and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and intestinal schistosomiasis are widespread and prevalent in tropical regions due to poor sanitation and limited healthcare access. Despite control efforts, localized epidemiological data remain essential for effective intervention. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of STH and associated factors among schoolchildren in Hawella Tulla sub-city, Hawassa City, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia. METHOD: A school-based cross-sectional study involving 394 primary schoolchildren was conducted from June to December 2023. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Infection with the parasite was diagnosed by Kato-Katz microscopy. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with the STH infections. RESULTS: The combined prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal schistosomiasis was 42.6% (168/394; 95% CI: 37.8-47.6). STHs constituted the predominant infection, detected in 41.1% of children (162/394; 95% CI: 36.3-46.0), while intestinal schistosomiasis was found in 3.3% (13/394; 95% CI: 1.9-5.4). The most prevalent parasite was Ascaris lumbricoides (29.2%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (17.8%) and hookworms (5.1%). Schoolchildren who reported consuming unwashed fruits or vegetables (AOR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.73-4.85), swimming or bathing in streams or lakes (AOR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.31-3.79), and not receiving deworming treatment (AOR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.26-3.56) were significantly more likely to be infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). CONCLUSION: Overall, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) and Schistosoma mansoni remain significant public health concerns in the study area, affecting more than one-third of schoolchildren. Infections were strongly associated with poor hygiene practices, inadequate deworming coverage, and exposure to contaminated water sources. This highlights the need for improved hygiene, health education, and deworming programs.