From Environmental Awareness to Action: Governance and Livelihood Constraints on Sustainable Wetland Management in Masaba South Sub-County, Kenya

Wetland conservation remains challenging where communities recognize the importance of environmental protection but depend on wetland resources for their livelihoods. This study examined environmental awareness, community participation, governance and livelihood conditions in relation to sustainable wetland management in Masaba South Sub-County, Kisii County, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods design was used. The initial household sample was 384 respondents. Of 380 questionnaires administered, 352 were completed and returned, giving a response rate of 92.6%. Quantitative data were collected using a household questionnaire, while qualitative information was obtained through key informant interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, mainly frequencies and percentages, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Environmental awareness programmes received 67% agreement, community participation 65%, and policy enforcement 55%. Respondents also expressed strong support for controlled farming, wetland restoration and community education, each at 75%, while 72% supported alternative livelihoods. Qualitative findings indicated that conservation support existed alongside concerns about policy enforcement, limited institutional support, poverty, land scarcity and limited livelihood alternatives. The findings indicate an awareness-to-action gap in which environmental knowledge and willingness to conserve do not necessarily translate into conservation practice where households face governance and livelihood constraints. Sustainable wetland management should therefore combine environmental education and meaningful community participation with consistent institutional support, effective application of wetland regulations and practical livelihood options for wetland-dependent households.