A review of power-to-X and its prospects for integration in Nigeria’s energy transition plan

Abstract Nigeria currently relies on 80% thermal energy generation. However, studies have shown that less than 60% of the population have access to power. To address this issue, Nigeria has developed an energy transition plan to achieve net-zero emissions by utilizing eco-friendly and sustainable renewable energy sources. However, the effectiveness of renewable energy resources is often hampered by seasonal variations, which limit the amount of energy that can be produced to meet growing demand. One effective solution to this challenge is long-term energy storage, particularly during periods of low demand. Power-to-X (PtX) technology offers a promising approach by enabling long-term sustainable energy generation and storage for future use when renewable energy availability decreases during peak demands. This study critically reviews the latest advancements in renewable PtX technology and evaluates its potential application within Nigeria's energy sector. Furthermore, it explores the potential obstacles to the widespread adoption of PtX technology in Nigeria. Despite Nigeria’s significant potential for implementing PtX initiatives, the country currently falls behind in technology deployment and viable production pathways for sustainable PtX implementation. This shortfall is primarily due to lack of policies, frameworks, and financing schemes to support infrastructural development, especially for long-term energy storage. Given the intermittent nature of renewable energy, a transition strategy that includes adequate storage capacity is crucial. Although green hydrogen, a key component of PtX, has substantial potential as an energy carrier in Nigeria, its immediate use is limited by high production costs. Nonetheless, ongoing efforts to diversify Nigeria’s energy mix through infrastructure and policy developments could eventually establish a roadmap for PtX implementation, promoting long-term energy sustainability and distribution efficiency.