Molecular Characterization and Serotype Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in HIV Patients in Owerri, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is a prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally, often causing severe reproductive health complications due to its frequently asymptomatic nature. Understanding the molecular characteristics and serotype distribution of C. trachomatis is crucial for effective public health interventions. Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the molecular and sero-epidemiological prevalence of C. trachomatis in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 40 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients from the Federal Medical Center, Owerri, were enrolled. Molecular characterization was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), targeting the ompA gene for serotyping. Results: The PCR successfully amplified the ompA gene in 26 (65%) of the 40 analyzed samples. Molecular analysis revealed that C. trachomatis serotypes E, G, and D were the endemic serovars in Owerri, with serovar G identified as the most common. A comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the magnitude of infection. Conclusion: These findings show the silent spread of C. trachomatis in the region and the importance of molecular surveillance to identify circulating serotypes. The high prevalence although not significant in asymptomatic individuals and the identification of potentially more virulent serotypes like G emphasize the need for comprehensive screening programs and targeted public health education campaigns to mitigate the long-term health consequences of C. trachomatis in Owerri.