Sustainable water management for rice cultivation under climate change: a case study of the Lower Ouémé Valley, Southern Benin

In Benin, the Lower Ouémé Valley is a region of intense agricultural activity whose soil, hydrological, and climatic conditions are favourable to rice cultivation. Despite this potential, water management remains one of the challenges facing rice production in the area. The development of new land management approaches and agricultural practices is an ideal alternative for improving water management for agricultural production in a context of climate variability. Among these, the Smart-Valleys (SV) land management approach and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) have been introduced to make rice production profitable in several regions of West Africa. This study aims to compare two land management approaches (Smart-valleys vs. Conventional) and three levels of irrigation, namely Low Variable Irrigation (IR1), Low Constant Irrigation (IR2), and Intermittent Irrigation (IR3) for efficient water management in rice production in the lower Ouémé valley. The experimental design consists of split plots with two replicates per treatment, where the management approach and irrigation levels represent the primary and secondary factors, respectively. The results of the experiment show that Smart-valleys (SV) management has a positive effect on yield ( p -value = 0.01) and water productivity ( p -value < 0.001). As for irrigation, the IR3 method yields the best performance in terms of water productivity ( p -value < 0.001). In addition, the SV-IR2 combination maximizes paddy rice yields (8.5 t ha −1 , an increase of 4.7 t ha −1 ), while the SV-IR3 combination optimizes water productivity (1.4 kg m −3 , an increase of 1.06 kg m −3 ). This highlights the importance of an integrated approach that combines appropriate land management and optimal irrigation strategies to maximize water efficiency in rice production systems. An economic analysis of the different treatments will help identify the best approach to combine yields, water use, and profitability.