The role of calcium silicate cements in endodontics: from material science to clinical success

This review examines the chemistry, physical properties, and clinical applications of calcium silicate cements-based (CSCs) in endodontics. These materials are increasingly used for procedures such as pulp capping, apexification, and root canal sealing due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and versatility. Despite their benefits, issues such as discoloration, variability in setting times, and limited mechanical properties persist. Key CSCs, are discussed, with a focus on their strengths and limitations. Although these materials have revolutionized endodontics there is still some gaps in clinical evidence and unresolved challenges, such as inconsistent handling and long-term performance, remain between different available materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CSCs, emphasizing the need for further research to improve their clinical use in endodontic treatments.